Chapter 4
Self Quiz
Summary
Learning
Learning occurs when a behavior is
modified
as a result of
.
This includes
plasticity,
where morphological changes take place in response to environmental conditions.
Exposure to a single
stimulus
can result non-associative responses of
or
. Most learning is
.
(or
Pavlovian
)
conditioning
takes place when a
stimulus
(appetitive or aversive) is associated with a consequence (reward or punishment).
-order
conditioning
takes place when a second stimulus also elicits the
response.
occurs if the second-order is stronger than the original conditioned
response.
occurs if the second-order is weaker than when conditioned to both conditioned
stimuli.
(or instrumental or goal-directed)
conditioning
occurs when a
is
associated
with a
(reinforcement).
Learning requires
, the storing and retrieval of
experiences,
and perhaps
selective
.
Interpopulation comparisons show that animals that live in
tend to learn faster than solitary
animals,
and exposure to predators can
for the ability to learn to avoid
predators.
Learning plays a role in several aspects of animal life.
selection: migratory fish such as
salmon
learn
associated with their natal streams at a young age.
bond formation: animals' ability to learn about their mate depends on the amount of
investment.
recognition:
some animals can learn familial relationships.
toward rivals: fish can be
trained
to be more aggressive, leading to
and loser
effects.
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Jan 21, 2008
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